The Spanish Inquisition Essay -- European History

The Spanish Inquisition The word â€Å"inquisition† means to examine. Inquisitors would â€Å"examine† suspected Heretics, people whose ideas do not match those of the Roman Catholic Church, and punish them accordingly. This included torture and burning. The great inquisition movement that took place in Spain, or Hispania as it was called before Spain united. It was called The Spanish Inquisition. It took place for approximately five hundred years, from the late 15th century to mid 19th century. Many ironic elements were involved in the history of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition lasted longer than any other preceding it, and was the most cruel, bloodthirsty, and festive of all. The objective of the inquisition, in its early state, was to convert all Jews into Christians, but later it mutated into an ugly machine who’s new objective was to rid the country of the newly converted Christians. In an age where there was such a close bond between church and state, opposition to the church was intolerable. The Inquisition caused Spain to become intellectually backward, and economically and industrially damaged. The powerful influence of the Inquisition forbade social influences, such as books from other parts of Europe, to enter Spain. Consequently, the universities remained stagnant, unable to produce graduates understanding the world around them. from the lack of information on the other civilizations in the rest of Europe. As a result of this, they came into the 20th century intellectually inferior and bankrupt. With the banished, tortured, and persecuted heretics in mind, it is possible that the Spanish Inquisition is perhaps one of the most cruel acts performed on innocent people in the name of religion. Before the Spanish Inquisition took place, several other inquisition movements appeared, but none quite so barbaric and brutal as the Spaniard’s did. Waves of opposition towards the church swept Europe in the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, it was a modern belief that a peaceful, utopian government could be obtained if all of the population of the society were â€Å"pure† and Catholic The Medieval Inquisition started in France and Italy. During this time a group of people called the Albigensies lived in northern Italy and southern France. They had established a religion called Manichaeanism, which was the belief in two gods, one for good and one for evil. Pop... ...r of the bigotry and the persecution that took place. It is only one of many persecuting acts that are piled on top of Jewish history. Many Christians look back onto the Inquisition with shame and humidity. The Spanish Inquisition has inflicted untold amounts of damage onto the Spanish society and everyone else’s. It was one of the worst religious acts of ignorance and bigotry ever orchestrated by a group of people. Bibliography Lea, Henry Charles. [1966] A history of the Inquisition of Spain. AMD Press, New York, NY Llorente, Juan Antonio [1967] A critical history of the Inquisition of Spain, from the period of its establishment by Ferdinand V to the reign of Ferdinand VII, composed from the original documents of the Archives of the Supreme Council of the Inquisition and from those of subordinate tribunals of the Holy Office. J. Lilburne Co. Williamstown, MA. Roth, Cecil. [1964] The Spanish Inquisition. Norton Press, New York, NY. Sabatini, Rafael. [1924] Torquemada and the Spanish inquisition; a history by Rafael Sabatini. Houghton Mifflin Compan, Boston, MA/New York, NY. Turberville, Arthur Stanley. [1968] The Spanish Inquisition. Archon Books, Hamden, Conn.

Evaluation Essay of China Charges into Electric Cars Essay

The article â€Å"China Charges into Electric Cars†, which written by Dumaine, Brian, talking about the plan of develop electric cars in China. This article detailed introduction of the problem which exist in building an electric automobile infrastructure in China and the money which are invested by the Chinese government to help in the expansion of the electric automobile industry. This information is very important for the electric car manufacture who want to enter Chinese market. As a new and potential electric car market, China draws attention from all around the world. If one the electric car manufacture could have a head start, it will predominate in this market for a long time. The author described the plan and policy which related to electric car by Chinese government, analyzed the current situation of Chinese electric car market and predicted the future trends. The data and information in this article are very useful and reliable, especially for an electric car manufacture such like Tesla. In this article, we can easy to find that why China will be the biggest electric car market. The author stated his purpose by using some fact and comparison between China and America. For example, at the beginning of the article, the author described a popular auto show which hold in southwestern part of China. The heavy demand and the interest from Chinese consumer can be found through this auto show. After that, the article talking about problem of Chinese environment which is an important and hard to ignore issue. Electric car alleviate the growing traffic jam and lower greenhouse-gas emissions. But the most important for China is getting out of oil addiction. The gas price for a country which per capita income is USD 2800 a year is too expensive. The second half of this article focus on the Chinese technological strength and forms of cooperation for the foreign brand who want to share this market. Those information point the way to the future for the electric company. The article’s intended audience should be the electric car manufacture and associated components supplier. In addition, it also provide some valuable information for the investors in new energy industry. This article published in Fortune magazine in 2010. Fortune is a global business magazine published by Time Inc. and founded by Henry Luce in 1930. It has strengths in professional finance analysis and report, which is named one of the world’s most influential business magazine. The author of this article, Dumaine, has worked at Fortune for 28 years in various writing and editing positions including assistant managing editor. He has won numerous journalism awards and written more than 100 feature stories for the magazine, including covers such as ‘America’s Toughest Bosses,’ ‘The Innovation Gap,’ and ‘America’s Smartest Young Entrepreneurs. ‘ Throughout his career, he has produced investigative pieces as well as articles on marketing, investing, technology, and corporate crime. As a result, this article has adequate qualification by the magazine and the author, it’s very helpful and reliable to use in the Final essay. All in all, this article reports on the present and future of Chinese electric car market and how Chinese government to develop this new industry. The author also reasons why China is interested in having more electric automobiles and wanting to stop its addiction to oil. It’s very clearly to prove that China will be the biggest electric car market in the next 50 years, the support from the Chinese government and the the actual conditions of China provided enormous opportunities for the electric car manufactures. Reference: Dumaine, B. (2010). CHINA CHARGES into ELECTRIC CARS. Fortune, 162(7), 138-148.

The Emergence Of The United States As An Independent...

African -American history predated the emergence of the United States as an independent country, and African – American literature was similarly in deep roots. Jupiter Hammon who was considered as the first published Black writer in America. In 1761, he published his first poem named â€Å"An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries†. Through his poem, he implemented the idea of a gradual emancipation as a way to end slavery. His idea was later reprinted in some works such as â€Å"Le Mulatre† a short story published in 1837 by Victor Sejour and Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter (1853) by William Wells Brown. The second African American writer was â€Å"Lucy Terry†. She was stolen from America and sold into slavery in Rhode Island as an infant. She spent time in Rhode Island, up until the age of five, when she was sold to Ebenezer Wells of Deerfield. At the time, an Indian attack occurred in an area of Deerfield called â€Å"T he Bars†, which was a colonial term for a meadow. At the age of 16, Lucy Terry wrote her first work â€Å"Bars Fight†, a ballad about an attack of Deerfield. The Ballad was preserved orally until it was published in 1855 in Josiah Holland’s History of western Massachusetts. Wheatley was the contemporary of Lucy Terry. She was also a slave, born in West Africa. She was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry whenShow MoreRelatedThe West African Nation of Ghana2488 Words   |  10 Pagesmid-twentieth century is Africa’s. This decade is the decade of African independence. Forward then, to independence. To independence now. Tomorrow, the united states of Africa.† It was with these words that Kwame Nkrumah concluded his speech at the opening ceremony of the All-African People’s conference in 1958. It was one of the first Pan-African congresses to be held in the continent, in an independent African nation and with a number of African freedom fighters-an achievement that Nkrumah was particularlyRead MorePartition and Scramble of Africa1582 Words   |  7 Pagesa period whereby European powers colonised, invaded, occupied and annexed African territories in a very rapid and unprecedented manner, even though there was little interest in Africa up to the 1870s. In fact, up to 1880 Europeans ruled merely 10% of the African continent. 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Between 1810 and 1825, all the Spanish territories on the American mainland gain their sovereignty from Spain. Simultaneously, the power of the Catholic Church diminishes, including its patronage of the visual arts. During these war-torn years, cultural production declinesRead MoreChapter 12 : The Industrial Revolution1830 Words   |  8 Pagesefficient, overall inventions led America into a capitalist marketplace that traded with the rest of the world. 2. With the invention of the steamboat, newer roads, and trains, enabled communication to become faster and more efficient, and connecting Americans to one another, thus, encouraging a deeper sense of nationalism, therefore, bringing an entire continent into a single cultural and economic unit. 3. 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How did the United States emerge as a world power by 1918? 5. What tensions between the old and new existed in the 1920s? The 1920 Census revealed that a majority of Americans (51 percent) lived in urban areas for the first time. Part 5

Discuss the Ways in Which the Government May Use Fiscal...

‘Discuss the ways in which the government may use Fiscal policy to help the economy grow out of a recession. Reference must be made to some policies that the current government has actually use’ Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation and borrowing to affect the level and growth of aggregate demand, output and jobs. Fiscal policy is also used to change the pattern of spending on goods and services. It is also a means by which a redistribution of income amp; wealth can be achieved. It is an instrument of intervention to correct for free-market failures. Changes in fiscal policy affect aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS). In the UK, the Treasury (pictured right) is in charge of fiscal policy decisions†¦show more content†¦National insurance contributions are the closest example in the UK of a proportional tax, although low-income earners do not pay NICs below an income threshold. A regressive tax is the rate of tax falls as incomes rise – I.e. the average rate of tax is lower for people of higher incomes. In the UK, regressive taxes come from excise duties of items of spending such as cigarettes and alcohol. Indirect taxes fo rma larger percentage of the disposable income of those who earn less, even though they may also spend less. How the current government is using fiscal policy. The current collation government are using fiscal policy to attempt to cut down borrowing and the budget deficit from previous borrowing of the recent labour governments to be in power. The Coalition Government wants to halve the budget deficit over a five year period, they have launched a programme of fiscal austerity amounting to  £126 billion a year of combined spending cuts and tax rises. Most of the fiscal austerity is coming through planned reductions in the real level of government spending. 80% will come from spending reductions, 20% is forecast to come from higher taxes. The â€Å"fiscal squeeze† is highly controversial and has led to an impassioned debate among economists about the best way to control a budget deficit as an economy struggles to lift itself out of recession and sustain a recovery. Keynesian economists argue that deficit-reduction policies risk driving the economy into a second recessionShow MoreRelatedFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy862 Words   |   4 PagesFiscal Policy vs Monetary Policy Fiscal policy is a way for the government to control the economy financially. The Federal Government sometimes partakes in actions to stimulate the economy. Fiscal Policy focuses on changing government spending, controlling inflation, encouraging economic growth, and to reach full employment. Monetary policy is a policy the Federal Reserve Board enforces which consists of changes in the money supply which influences the interest rates in the economy. This can helpRead MoreThe United States Economy And The Optimism Of The American People2863 Words   |  12 PagesThe United States Economy and the Optimism of the American People The U.S. economy appears to be on track for a sustainable recovery from one of the biggest economic problems in history, the Great Recession. Unemployment and inflation are both down from where they had been and things have shifted towards recovery. Inflation is likely to remain in an acceptable zone, but policymakers must be vigilant concerning inflation expectations. Employment has recovered slowly but surely as well. Uncertainty/FearRead MoreCurrent Economic Conditions: the Role of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in the United States3692 Words   |  15 PagesCurrent Economic Conditions: The Role of Fiscal and Monetary Policies In the United States July 25th, 2012 Over the past ten years, we have seen a weary world with uncertain economic turns with more downswings than upswings. Some might say the worst affected economies have been the once invincible super-powers of the western world such as Western Europe and the United States. The ongoing uncertainties of the Euro as well as numerous bailouts have caused more speculation and fewer expectationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Lowering And Raising Interest Rates2078 Words   |  9 Pagesintroduction this report is going to discuss the money market and how interest rates are determined, it will then look at the effects of lowering and raising interest rates and the limitations of these effects. the money market is a section of the financial market where short term loans and financial instruments are traded, for example these could be short term loans between banks with the debt maturing in less than a year. â€Å"This gives banks, lenders and other borrowers the ability to satisfy theirRead MoreRecession in Greece1774 Words   |  8 Pagesanother highest record in May 2013, which is 27.6%. 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Subscription terms are shown on the back cover and details on how to obtain the list of sales agentsRead MoreDiscuss and Provide Solutions on Inflation, Unemployment, Distribution of Income and Balance of Payments in the S.A. Context7998 Words   |  32 PagesKUILSRIVER CODE: 7580 CONTACTS: (Home): 021 903-6904 (Work): 021 904-5802 (Mobile): 084 688 7147 LECTURER: I hereby confirm that the assignment submitted herein is my own original work. Signature of Student: Date: 18 May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Number Overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 A. Addressing Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Definition of Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Types of Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Success Of A Successful Middle And Upper Classes Essay6220 Words   |  25 PagesThe 2000s and The Great Recession, brought about new problems to further tarnish Compton’s reputation. This paper will identify and detail three current fiscal issues that have prevented the emergence of a successful middle and upper classes, the improvement of city-wide infrastructure and programs and issues explaining recent scandals involving city funds. The first issue that will be explained in detail is the high unemployment rate found in the city of Compton, which is higher than the CaliforniaRead MoreEssay on Test Bank For Business In Action 7th Edition Bovee Thill16565 Words   |  67 Pagesï » ¿Business in Action, 7e (Bovee/Thill) Chapter 2 Understanding Basic Economics 1) Economics is the study of how a society uses its scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services to its citizens. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Economics is the study of how a society uses its scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services to its citizens. Diff: 1 AACSB: Application of knowledge Chapter LO: 1 Course LO: Compare and contrast different economic systems Classification:Read MoreIdentify the Mission, Values and Key Objectives of an Organization of Your Choice and Assess the Influence of Stakeholders4521 Words   |  19 Pagesin a way that they use natural products and they are against animal cruelty. They use plants resources wisely. The body shop is different because of their values. Ms Dame Anita roddick, was a human rights activist and the founder of the body shop. AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING Every one of the body shops products is animal cruelty free and vegetarian. they were the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy.

The Country- House Poem Genre Essay - 1379 Words

The country- house poem developed into a literary genre in the early decades of the seventeenth- century. Aemilia Lanyers, `The description of Cooke- ham, and Ben Jonsons, `To Penshurst namely represent the small genre which flourished so briefly. These poems are much more than domestic architecture and are more than simple exercises in praising and pleasing a wealthy patron and the readership at large. In country- house poetry, poets use the conjunction of the ideal family (the patrons) and the ideal site (the estate and surrounding areas in which the patron and his/her family live) as a means of reflecting on social values, the nature of the good life, and the ways in which other households fall short of the mark. The country- house†¦show more content†¦This poem was published as one part of the 1616 collection `Workes. Lanyer memorialises her time with Margaret and her daughter Anne Clifford at the estate of Cookham Dean, Her parents died when Lanyer was still a child and she was fostered to different families on numerous occasions. Internal evidence of her poetry proves this occurred, she definitely resided at Cookham for a time as did the Cliffords. `The description of Cooke- ham was written between February 1609 and October 1610, Lanyer drew on classical generic features for its construction. She used iambic pentameter throughout the book of poetry and also the conventions of pastoral poetry. Jonson chose to create in verse his belief in moral good attained and sustained in society, he makes no attempt to be completely accurate in his descriptions as he idealises life at Penshurst. He simplifies accounts of the country peoples attitude towards the big house and Sidneys hospitality while the description of the fish is undeniably exaggerated. He too uses the form of iambic pentameter to give a se nse of balance to proceedings. Both poems are the ideal archetype of English rural society, however there are many obvious similarities and dissimilarities. `The description of Cooke- ham andShow MoreRelatedReverse Imperialism in My Last Duchess1056 Words   |  5 PagesProfessionals divide literature into many different categories, or genres, which seem not to relate to each other. Some crossover hybrids exist, but very few works of literature can actually be compared to others that are not in the same genre. One such comparison would be that of a poem and the detective genre in general. For example, Robert Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess†, a dramatic monologue, would very rarely be compared to Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Purloined Letter.† The writers of DetectiveRead MoreDiffferent Types of Colonial Literature Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages American literature extends its roots into colonial times. The works of the earliest North Americans include contributions by Natives and settlers alike, with many similar and differing historical influences, themes, and genres. The Native Americans, before colonial life even began, had developed a strong system of oral storytelling revolving mostly around mother nature. When the Puritans arrived, seeking religious asylum from Europe, their reserved and conservative ways leaked into colonialRead MoreThe Misogynoir In The Tornado Girl, By Gwendolyn Brooks1656 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood. Specifically in the R. Kelly case, the defense team used the child’s physical maturity to defend an adult who was having an inappropriate relationship with a minor. The second poem, â€Å"We Real Cool† by Gwendolyn Brooks, expresses her views on the African American struggle to overcome stereotypes. The poem elaborates on different ways that â€Å"We Real Cool.† The first lines, â€Å"We real cool./We Left school.† show that the first way to be cool is to leave school (Lines 1 and 2). As well as leavingRead MoreThe Raven - Edgar Allan Poes View About His Own Fate.1285 Words   |  6 Pagesstories he is considered part of the Romantic movement in US and the inventor of detective fiction genre. On January 29, 1845 he publishes his poem The Raven in the Evening Mirror which granted him with immense fame (Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography 1941). The editor of the publishing newspaper wrote: It is the most effective single example of â€Å"fugitive poetry† ever published in this country; and unsurpassed in English poetry for subtle conception, masterly ingenuity of versification, andRead MoreThe Body Of Written Wor ks Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage in the United States. Like other national literatures, American Literature was also shaped by the history of the country that produced it. The development of science and industry as well as changes in ways of thinking and feeling, wrought many modifications in people’s lives. This entire factor in the development of the United States molded the Literature of the country. The Seventeenth Century writings included biographies, treatises, accounts of voyages and sermons. There were few achievementsRead MoreHip Hop, By Maya Angelou Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesexploited. Both poems have to do with one’s identity or autonomy being stolen from them. They do differ when it comes to the genre and the context but they do share the themes of identity and exploitation. Angelou in her poem uses the examples of the slave trade and using a women to convey two different means of exploitation. Her poem can even connect towards today, wher e Africa is still being exploited for its natural resources. Def’s song has to do with mainly a commentary of hip-hop as a genre and a cultureRead MoreAmerican Literature : A Look At Anne Bradstreet And Phyllis Wheatley1680 Words   |  7 Pageswomen all over the world. Bradstreet, a well educated woman from a wealthy, puritan family, and Wheatley, a slave taught to read and write by her owner, would make history with their published poems. Anne was born in Northampton, England in1612. She was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, the manager of the country estate of the Puritan Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke (Anne). Due to her family s position, she grew up in cultured circumstances and, because she was apple of her daddy’s eye, he took greatRead MoreSetting in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher Dark Romanticism was very popular in 19th century America. It is literary genre that emerged from Romanticism and Transcendentalism. Tenets of Transcendentalism included finding God in nature, and seeing beyond the physical world. Dark romanticism examines the conflict between good and evil and the psychological effect of sin and guilt in the human mind. One very famous Dark Romantic writer is Edgar Allen Poe. Poe is very well known for his many poems and short storiesRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of Edgar Allan Poe976 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution changed the people’s life completely. Countries based on agriculture changed to industrial countries. They build factories, mills, and mines. New inventions, like the light bulb or the steam engine, where invented. The cities were covert with thick smog from the factories and the nature started to disappear to make new space for more factories. Romantic Writers tried to escape this dark reality by creating their own world in tale s, poems and folklore. Impacting writers from the beginningRead MoreDefinition of Literature1320 Words   |  6 Pagesimagination to recreate the characters and plot. Aside from being fiction or non-fiction, literature can also fall into different categories according to the genre, purpose, and style. Some genres include romance, science fiction, Christian, suspense, and western. The authors purpose for writing will likely determine what style and genre they will use. Poetry and drama are forms of literature that are stylistically different from other writings. Every writer wants to engage their audience and

Nature function of Academic English Free Essays

string(216) " can encounter difficulty because of a lack of familiarity to such linguistic standard as there are differences between the registers in an academic scenario and that of an informal interaction \(Schleppegrell 43\)\." Introduction There has been an ongoing discourse about different approaches that translates to the best way of teaching the English language and what appropriately constitute to the language itself. Genre knowledge has been the source of much discourse in the academe because of how it affects the disciplinary and professional cultures of teaching Academic English (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). The academic discourse further covers the features of the language in terms of linguistic, grammatical and vocabulary features. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature function of Academic English or any similar topic only for you Order Now The discussion of such features and how it is affected under the different approaches is evaluated to provide for the grounds for the approach that must be seriously considered in for the academe use. Research about written discourse and text that hold such a prominence in the academy are analyzed according to formal discourse genres, their characteristics as well as the common linguistic features it possess (Hinkel 2). Above the question of the importance of the genre approach, there is also a question as to how explicit the teaching instruction must be. Contradicting sides would argue about the necessity of the teaching such approach (Freedman Medway 193). Others would argue if it is even possible (Freedman Medway 193). Others would wonder if it would benefit the students or would it prove to be more dangerous (Freedman Medway 193). There is also a discourse about the right timing by which such an approach should and could be applied to a class depending upon the students’ age and capabilities in writing (Freedman Medway 193). Genre Academic Discourse Literary genres were discussed as early as in Aristotle’s The Poetics and developed in the Rhetoric that shows how he defined genres as a simple way of classifying text types, this is what was generally accepted over time (Clarke 242). According to traditional views, genre was limited to being primarily literary, defined by textual regularities in terms of form and content, classified into simplified categories and subcategories (Clarke 242). Under this definition, genre was not seen as relevant in terms of the discussion of composition and pedagogy (Clarke 242). Most of the linguists advocate that there should be a concentration for mastery of the different genres in the English language and that the teachers should focus on giving specific instruction that teaches the characteristic of each genre (Mercer Swann 222). The students need a model by which they could follow in keeping with a genre structure (Mercer Swann 222). They see grammar to play an important role in the process of learning the genres because it enables the students to â€Å"manipulate the text† contradictory to the process approach that sees the trouble in explicit manner of teaching grammar due to its unnecessity and danger to the students’ learning (Mercer Swann 222). The common misconception would refer to genre and text type to merely be the same aspect of a text but in reality they actually differ in terms of texts with particular genres having different linguistic characteristics and other literary features (Johns 73). However, different genres can be similar linguistically. Genre can be described as text characterized by external criteria, for instance written or spoken text, different audience, different context or purpose (Johns 73-74). On the other hand, text types can be represented by rhetorical modes such as â€Å"exposition† or â€Å"argument† as different text types (Johns 74). They are seen to be similar in terms of internal discourse patterns despite having different genres (Johns 74). The two concepts then refer to complementary perspectives on texts however they still remain different (Johns 74). Teaching and Writing Genres In a classroom environment, text types that are written and spoken are related to the different demands by which the school requires and depending upon the subject areas of focus. There are different writing tasks that involve genres that go way beyond the literary realm (Schleppegrell 77). Factual and analytical genres exist under the evolution of the academic English language. The usual technique would be for students to read massive amount of authentic texts to give awareness to the difference of the ranges of genres and determine the registers they encounter for their own chose subject matters (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 303). Students are then made of aware of the differences between academic and non-academic genres. Through the process of being exposed to the different genres, the students are familiarized with the different lexical, grammatical and organizational features of the texts that exist that train them along the way (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 303). Genre Knowledge The academic discourse on genre gives two perspectives in terms of structurational and sociocognitive that deals with the activity language undergoes from diverse fields like â€Å"sociolinguistics, cognitive psychology, educational anthropology and conversation analysis (Berkenkotter Huckin 24).†Ã‚   This is the new concept that is emerging on top of the rich body of research regarding the genre’s structure from the structurational theory (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). There is the constant need for the academe to monitor and recognize the changing pattern that language undergoes and thus the changes in the genres as well (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). Full participation any general disciplinary and professional culture requires knowledge of the written genre and they are referred to as the â€Å"intellectual scaffolds on which community-based knowledge is constructed† thus placing a priority to monitor the pattern changes (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). At the same time, they are worth examining because the genre of academic discourse also produce criteria like a â€Å"community’s norm, epistemology, ideology, and social ontology (Berkenkotter Huckin 25)† Linguistic Features of Academic Discourse According to Martlew and Sorsby (1995) â€Å"Written language like spoken language achieves communicative ad conceptual goals by using a complex system of arbitrary symbols and conventional rules†¦ In literate societies, a developed writing system is pervasive in children’s environment and it is likely that each individual child constructs, or re-invents, their own approach to writing from whatever salient experience the environment offers which they can utilize at different levels of development (Mercer Swann 287).† There are certain linguistic expectations from students who enter into an academic arena and such a language practice can be reflected in most social groups more than others (Schleppegrell 43). Some students can encounter difficulty because of a lack of familiarity to such linguistic standard as there are differences between the registers in an academic scenario and that of an informal interaction (Schleppegrell 43). You read "Nature function of Academic English" in category "Essay examples" Despite the fact that the classrooms can provide for an avenue for the students to develop such a standard and be trained by spoken and written language activities, the teachers need to remember how the forms of language can take its place in the academic context (Schleppegrell 44). For example, academic texts are by nature â€Å"informationally dense and authoritatively presented (Schleppegrell 44).† In order to get the extract the position and information from certain texts, the teachers and students must be able to unpack the meaning and recognize the position and ideologies of the text (Schleppegrell 44). Linguistic choices and the awareness of it enable a wider participation in the contexts of learning (Schleppegrell 44).   Having a clear perspective of the grammatical features that are seen as tools in deciphering school texts then provides as the foundation for a more efficient research of language development in terms of functionality as well as learning new registers (Schleppegrell 44-45). Most research focus on grammatical and lexical features of the student’s language production that produces a language analysis from a systematic functional linguistics (Schleppegrell 45). Deviating from a structural approach to grammar, a functional approach do not just focus on their syntactic category (nouns, verbs, adjectives) or their elements in the sentence (subject, predicate), it focus on identifying the revealing the context of schooling in the language that are used in the text, focusing on the register as the so-called â€Å"manifestation of context (Schleppegrell 45). Studies show how different features are values when comparing writing in writing classes and writing in other academic courses (Hinkel 5). The important consideration if providing the students with linguistic and writing skills that would equip them to handle new information and expand their knowledge (Hinkel 5). Some practitioners say that exposure to a variety of reading and experience with writing does not constitute to having a heightened awareness in discourse, vocabulary, grammar and linguistic features of academic writing or having better writing skills (Hinkel 5). They defended explicit instruction in advanced academic writing and text is what can provide the utmost equipment (Hinkel 5). General Nature and Functions of Academic English Furthermore, Martlew and Sorsby (1995) said, â€Å"Writing however is a visible language, graphic symbolic system whose roots we suggest lie in pictographic representation before links are established with spoken language. In this respect, development reflects evolution in that all writing systems which represent sounds of language evolved from pictorial representations rather than from spoken language.† Academic English offers such changing concepts (Hyland 2). The one who coined the definition for English used in academic purposes was Tim Johns (Hyland 2). It was during this time that English became an economic imperative and it has been the leading language for disseminating academic knowledge (Hyland 2). Each discourse community has developed its own mode of discourse. This constitutes to the growth of Academic English. By nature it would expand and evolve to fit and address the different fields of study in need to communicate, basically that points to every discipline (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer). New objects, processes, relationships and others need new terms to be added in the lexicon. There is a need to reinterpret words that already exists to become other words that are defined by their specific fields, like a set is different in conversational English and Mathematical English (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 285). New words are also created as part of an existing word stock, like clockwise or feedback (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 285). There is also a need to borrow from another language. A term called â€Å"calquing† mean having to create new words to imitate a word that already exists from another language like omnipotens mean almighty in Latin (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 286). There is also a need to invent totally new words like the time when the word â€Å"gas† was created to be party of the field of chemistry (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 286). There is also creating â€Å"locutions† or sense of phrases and compound words as well as non-native word stocks (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 286). The nature of English is known to be shaped by certain social and cultural functions under the language of academic communities of discourse (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 290-291). The researchers suggest for having more than one valid and culturally based ideology regarding Academic English for it to be open to other cultures and factors (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 291). Conclusion Due to culture, styles of writing differ but this does not make one inferior over the other (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 290). Further research about Academic English should have a greater level of sensitivity for other cultures or for cultural diversity (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 290).   It is also necessary to have a proper balance between over-prespecification of the curriculum and planning and the right amount in terms of explicit teaching of genre and other features according the students’ knowledge, abilities and background (Wiley Hartung- Cole 205). The academe must not loose sight of social-cultural context of the relevance of Academic English in exchange for a more uniform approach or for the search for a common standard for academic discourse (Wiley Hartung- Cole 205). Works Cited Clark, Irene, et al. Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. Berkenkotter, Carol, and Thomas N. Huckin. Genre Knowledge in Disciplinary Communication: Cognition, Culture, Power. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995. Hinkel, Eli. Second Language Writers’ Text: Linguistic and Rhetorical Features. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Hoadley-Maidment, E. and Mercer, N. English in the Academic World. Open University course U210 The English Language: Past, Present and Future, 1996. Hyland, Ken. English for Academic Purposes: An Advanced Resource Book. New York: Routledge. Johns, Ann M., ed. Genre in the Classroom: Multiple Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Freedman, Aviva, and Peter Medway, eds. Genre and the New Rhetoric. London: Taylor Francis, 1994. Mercer, N. and Swann, J. Learning English: Development and Diversity. Open University course U210 The English Language: Past, Present and Future, 1996. Schleppegrell, Mary J. The Language of Schooling: A Functional Linguistics Perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Wiley, Terrence Hartung- Cole, Elizabeth. â€Å"Model Standards for English Language Development: National Trends and a Local Response.† Education. 119. 2. (1998): Page Number: 205. How to cite Nature function of Academic English, Essay examples

Classical vs. Pop Music Essay Example For Students

Classical vs. Pop Music Essay There are a lot of differences between the two most popular styles of music. These musical styles have different history, used instruments, size of audience and height of popularity. Classical music and popular music are both part of the culture of most Americans and Europeans. They share some aspects of musical language, but there are some prominent differences. (devastatingly. Com #1) As long as conditions permitted people of all tastes found something they enjoyed at any public performance of music. In the past, no one thought in terms of popular or classical music. After all, the symphonies of greatest composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Bach and others were entertaining enough for the people who wanted to comprehend music at first hearing and satisfy people who wanted to discover something new with repeated hearings. (leapfrogged. Hubcaps. Com #1) Operas, ballets, recitals, concerts were open to anyone who could afford the price of a ticket. We can see differences in the used instruments and length of a song also. The most common lassie music instruments are piano, organ, strings, woodwinds, percussion or brass and songs are at least 30 minutes long. The most widely used instruments in pop music are electric piano, drums, and guitar, but also organ. Pop song uses to be short. In average it lasts 3-5 minutes. The both genres are very popular, have a big audience and a lot of fans. Classical music is everywhere around us. We can see it in the movies, television commercials, and listen in the radios. It is very popular between people which study for their exams and also good for relax. Nowadays, its popular to let little babies listen to classical music. It can make them to be calm and satisfied. Pop music has a mass audience appeal. The songs are often played in the radios, and seen in the pop charts. Also much pop music encourages dancing. Music is a form of art, which can transfer the emotions and sentiment. Every style of music has something special to listen to and is more popular at different times. Classical music used to break records. It was selling out the concert halls and fascinating people. It was simply popular music at that time.