Discuss the Ways in Which the Government May Use Fiscal...

‘Discuss the ways in which the government may use Fiscal policy to help the economy grow out of a recession. Reference must be made to some policies that the current government has actually use’ Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation and borrowing to affect the level and growth of aggregate demand, output and jobs. Fiscal policy is also used to change the pattern of spending on goods and services. It is also a means by which a redistribution of income amp; wealth can be achieved. It is an instrument of intervention to correct for free-market failures. Changes in fiscal policy affect aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS). In the UK, the Treasury (pictured right) is in charge of fiscal policy decisions†¦show more content†¦National insurance contributions are the closest example in the UK of a proportional tax, although low-income earners do not pay NICs below an income threshold. A regressive tax is the rate of tax falls as incomes rise – I.e. the average rate of tax is lower for people of higher incomes. In the UK, regressive taxes come from excise duties of items of spending such as cigarettes and alcohol. Indirect taxes fo rma larger percentage of the disposable income of those who earn less, even though they may also spend less. How the current government is using fiscal policy. The current collation government are using fiscal policy to attempt to cut down borrowing and the budget deficit from previous borrowing of the recent labour governments to be in power. The Coalition Government wants to halve the budget deficit over a five year period, they have launched a programme of fiscal austerity amounting to  £126 billion a year of combined spending cuts and tax rises. Most of the fiscal austerity is coming through planned reductions in the real level of government spending. 80% will come from spending reductions, 20% is forecast to come from higher taxes. The â€Å"fiscal squeeze† is highly controversial and has led to an impassioned debate among economists about the best way to control a budget deficit as an economy struggles to lift itself out of recession and sustain a recovery. Keynesian economists argue that deficit-reduction policies risk driving the economy into a second recessionShow MoreRelatedFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy862 Words   |   4 PagesFiscal Policy vs Monetary Policy Fiscal policy is a way for the government to control the economy financially. The Federal Government sometimes partakes in actions to stimulate the economy. Fiscal Policy focuses on changing government spending, controlling inflation, encouraging economic growth, and to reach full employment. Monetary policy is a policy the Federal Reserve Board enforces which consists of changes in the money supply which influences the interest rates in the economy. This can helpRead MoreThe United States Economy And The Optimism Of The American People2863 Words   |  12 PagesThe United States Economy and the Optimism of the American People The U.S. economy appears to be on track for a sustainable recovery from one of the biggest economic problems in history, the Great Recession. Unemployment and inflation are both down from where they had been and things have shifted towards recovery. Inflation is likely to remain in an acceptable zone, but policymakers must be vigilant concerning inflation expectations. Employment has recovered slowly but surely as well. Uncertainty/FearRead MoreCurrent Economic Conditions: the Role of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in the United States3692 Words   |  15 PagesCurrent Economic Conditions: The Role of Fiscal and Monetary Policies In the United States July 25th, 2012 Over the past ten years, we have seen a weary world with uncertain economic turns with more downswings than upswings. Some might say the worst affected economies have been the once invincible super-powers of the western world such as Western Europe and the United States. The ongoing uncertainties of the Euro as well as numerous bailouts have caused more speculation and fewer expectationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Lowering And Raising Interest Rates2078 Words   |  9 Pagesintroduction this report is going to discuss the money market and how interest rates are determined, it will then look at the effects of lowering and raising interest rates and the limitations of these effects. the money market is a section of the financial market where short term loans and financial instruments are traded, for example these could be short term loans between banks with the debt maturing in less than a year. â€Å"This gives banks, lenders and other borrowers the ability to satisfy theirRead MoreRecession in Greece1774 Words   |  8 Pagesanother highest record in May 2013, which is 27.6%. Greece continues to suffer jobless labour market from the deep recession. Among all the labour force aged 16-24, the rate is 64.9% as the Greece sees the sixth year of recession. Jobs of any kind are scarce in today’s Greece. Deep recession have swept away a quarter of the Greece’s GDP. Greece, the country of 11 million people has lost more than a million jobs as business shut down or lay off staff. Greece’s government trying to impose stringentRead MoreEurope Economic Crisis55278 Words   |  222 PagesISSN 0379-0991 Economic Crisis in Europe: Causes, Consequences and Responses EUROPEAN ECONOMY 7|2009 EUROPEAN COMMISSION The European Economy series contains important reports and communications from the Commission to the Council and the Parliament on the economic situation and developments, such as the Economic forecasts, the annual EU economy review and the Public ï ¬ nances in EMU report. Subscription terms are shown on the back cover and details on how to obtain the list of sales agentsRead MoreDiscuss and Provide Solutions on Inflation, Unemployment, Distribution of Income and Balance of Payments in the S.A. Context7998 Words   |  32 PagesKUILSRIVER CODE: 7580 CONTACTS: (Home): 021 903-6904 (Work): 021 904-5802 (Mobile): 084 688 7147 LECTURER: I hereby confirm that the assignment submitted herein is my own original work. Signature of Student: Date: 18 May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Number Overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 A. Addressing Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Definition of Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Types of Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Success Of A Successful Middle And Upper Classes Essay6220 Words   |  25 PagesThe 2000s and The Great Recession, brought about new problems to further tarnish Compton’s reputation. This paper will identify and detail three current fiscal issues that have prevented the emergence of a successful middle and upper classes, the improvement of city-wide infrastructure and programs and issues explaining recent scandals involving city funds. The first issue that will be explained in detail is the high unemployment rate found in the city of Compton, which is higher than the CaliforniaRead MoreEssay on Test Bank For Business In Action 7th Edition Bovee Thill16565 Words   |  67 Pagesï » ¿Business in Action, 7e (Bovee/Thill) Chapter 2 Understanding Basic Economics 1) Economics is the study of how a society uses its scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services to its citizens. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Economics is the study of how a society uses its scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services to its citizens. Diff: 1 AACSB: Application of knowledge Chapter LO: 1 Course LO: Compare and contrast different economic systems Classification:Read MoreIdentify the Mission, Values and Key Objectives of an Organization of Your Choice and Assess the Influence of Stakeholders4521 Words   |  19 Pagesin a way that they use natural products and they are against animal cruelty. They use plants resources wisely. The body shop is different because of their values. Ms Dame Anita roddick, was a human rights activist and the founder of the body shop. AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING Every one of the body shops products is animal cruelty free and vegetarian. they were the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy.

The Country- House Poem Genre Essay - 1379 Words

The country- house poem developed into a literary genre in the early decades of the seventeenth- century. Aemilia Lanyers, `The description of Cooke- ham, and Ben Jonsons, `To Penshurst namely represent the small genre which flourished so briefly. These poems are much more than domestic architecture and are more than simple exercises in praising and pleasing a wealthy patron and the readership at large. In country- house poetry, poets use the conjunction of the ideal family (the patrons) and the ideal site (the estate and surrounding areas in which the patron and his/her family live) as a means of reflecting on social values, the nature of the good life, and the ways in which other households fall short of the mark. The country- house†¦show more content†¦This poem was published as one part of the 1616 collection `Workes. Lanyer memorialises her time with Margaret and her daughter Anne Clifford at the estate of Cookham Dean, Her parents died when Lanyer was still a child and she was fostered to different families on numerous occasions. Internal evidence of her poetry proves this occurred, she definitely resided at Cookham for a time as did the Cliffords. `The description of Cooke- ham was written between February 1609 and October 1610, Lanyer drew on classical generic features for its construction. She used iambic pentameter throughout the book of poetry and also the conventions of pastoral poetry. Jonson chose to create in verse his belief in moral good attained and sustained in society, he makes no attempt to be completely accurate in his descriptions as he idealises life at Penshurst. He simplifies accounts of the country peoples attitude towards the big house and Sidneys hospitality while the description of the fish is undeniably exaggerated. He too uses the form of iambic pentameter to give a se nse of balance to proceedings. Both poems are the ideal archetype of English rural society, however there are many obvious similarities and dissimilarities. `The description of Cooke- ham andShow MoreRelatedReverse Imperialism in My Last Duchess1056 Words   |  5 PagesProfessionals divide literature into many different categories, or genres, which seem not to relate to each other. Some crossover hybrids exist, but very few works of literature can actually be compared to others that are not in the same genre. One such comparison would be that of a poem and the detective genre in general. For example, Robert Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess†, a dramatic monologue, would very rarely be compared to Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Purloined Letter.† The writers of DetectiveRead MoreDiffferent Types of Colonial Literature Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages American literature extends its roots into colonial times. The works of the earliest North Americans include contributions by Natives and settlers alike, with many similar and differing historical influences, themes, and genres. The Native Americans, before colonial life even began, had developed a strong system of oral storytelling revolving mostly around mother nature. When the Puritans arrived, seeking religious asylum from Europe, their reserved and conservative ways leaked into colonialRead MoreThe Misogynoir In The Tornado Girl, By Gwendolyn Brooks1656 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood. Specifically in the R. Kelly case, the defense team used the child’s physical maturity to defend an adult who was having an inappropriate relationship with a minor. The second poem, â€Å"We Real Cool† by Gwendolyn Brooks, expresses her views on the African American struggle to overcome stereotypes. The poem elaborates on different ways that â€Å"We Real Cool.† The first lines, â€Å"We real cool./We Left school.† show that the first way to be cool is to leave school (Lines 1 and 2). As well as leavingRead MoreThe Raven - Edgar Allan Poes View About His Own Fate.1285 Words   |  6 Pagesstories he is considered part of the Romantic movement in US and the inventor of detective fiction genre. On January 29, 1845 he publishes his poem The Raven in the Evening Mirror which granted him with immense fame (Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography 1941). The editor of the publishing newspaper wrote: It is the most effective single example of â€Å"fugitive poetry† ever published in this country; and unsurpassed in English poetry for subtle conception, masterly ingenuity of versification, andRead MoreThe Body Of Written Wor ks Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage in the United States. Like other national literatures, American Literature was also shaped by the history of the country that produced it. The development of science and industry as well as changes in ways of thinking and feeling, wrought many modifications in people’s lives. This entire factor in the development of the United States molded the Literature of the country. The Seventeenth Century writings included biographies, treatises, accounts of voyages and sermons. There were few achievementsRead MoreHip Hop, By Maya Angelou Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesexploited. Both poems have to do with one’s identity or autonomy being stolen from them. They do differ when it comes to the genre and the context but they do share the themes of identity and exploitation. Angelou in her poem uses the examples of the slave trade and using a women to convey two different means of exploitation. Her poem can even connect towards today, wher e Africa is still being exploited for its natural resources. Def’s song has to do with mainly a commentary of hip-hop as a genre and a cultureRead MoreAmerican Literature : A Look At Anne Bradstreet And Phyllis Wheatley1680 Words   |  7 Pageswomen all over the world. Bradstreet, a well educated woman from a wealthy, puritan family, and Wheatley, a slave taught to read and write by her owner, would make history with their published poems. Anne was born in Northampton, England in1612. She was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, the manager of the country estate of the Puritan Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke (Anne). Due to her family s position, she grew up in cultured circumstances and, because she was apple of her daddy’s eye, he took greatRead MoreSetting in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher Dark Romanticism was very popular in 19th century America. It is literary genre that emerged from Romanticism and Transcendentalism. Tenets of Transcendentalism included finding God in nature, and seeing beyond the physical world. Dark romanticism examines the conflict between good and evil and the psychological effect of sin and guilt in the human mind. One very famous Dark Romantic writer is Edgar Allen Poe. Poe is very well known for his many poems and short storiesRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of Edgar Allan Poe976 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution changed the people’s life completely. Countries based on agriculture changed to industrial countries. They build factories, mills, and mines. New inventions, like the light bulb or the steam engine, where invented. The cities were covert with thick smog from the factories and the nature started to disappear to make new space for more factories. Romantic Writers tried to escape this dark reality by creating their own world in tale s, poems and folklore. Impacting writers from the beginningRead MoreDefinition of Literature1320 Words   |  6 Pagesimagination to recreate the characters and plot. Aside from being fiction or non-fiction, literature can also fall into different categories according to the genre, purpose, and style. Some genres include romance, science fiction, Christian, suspense, and western. The authors purpose for writing will likely determine what style and genre they will use. Poetry and drama are forms of literature that are stylistically different from other writings. Every writer wants to engage their audience and

Nature function of Academic English Free Essays

string(216) " can encounter difficulty because of a lack of familiarity to such linguistic standard as there are differences between the registers in an academic scenario and that of an informal interaction \(Schleppegrell 43\)\." Introduction There has been an ongoing discourse about different approaches that translates to the best way of teaching the English language and what appropriately constitute to the language itself. Genre knowledge has been the source of much discourse in the academe because of how it affects the disciplinary and professional cultures of teaching Academic English (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). The academic discourse further covers the features of the language in terms of linguistic, grammatical and vocabulary features. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature function of Academic English or any similar topic only for you Order Now The discussion of such features and how it is affected under the different approaches is evaluated to provide for the grounds for the approach that must be seriously considered in for the academe use. Research about written discourse and text that hold such a prominence in the academy are analyzed according to formal discourse genres, their characteristics as well as the common linguistic features it possess (Hinkel 2). Above the question of the importance of the genre approach, there is also a question as to how explicit the teaching instruction must be. Contradicting sides would argue about the necessity of the teaching such approach (Freedman Medway 193). Others would argue if it is even possible (Freedman Medway 193). Others would wonder if it would benefit the students or would it prove to be more dangerous (Freedman Medway 193). There is also a discourse about the right timing by which such an approach should and could be applied to a class depending upon the students’ age and capabilities in writing (Freedman Medway 193). Genre Academic Discourse Literary genres were discussed as early as in Aristotle’s The Poetics and developed in the Rhetoric that shows how he defined genres as a simple way of classifying text types, this is what was generally accepted over time (Clarke 242). According to traditional views, genre was limited to being primarily literary, defined by textual regularities in terms of form and content, classified into simplified categories and subcategories (Clarke 242). Under this definition, genre was not seen as relevant in terms of the discussion of composition and pedagogy (Clarke 242). Most of the linguists advocate that there should be a concentration for mastery of the different genres in the English language and that the teachers should focus on giving specific instruction that teaches the characteristic of each genre (Mercer Swann 222). The students need a model by which they could follow in keeping with a genre structure (Mercer Swann 222). They see grammar to play an important role in the process of learning the genres because it enables the students to â€Å"manipulate the text† contradictory to the process approach that sees the trouble in explicit manner of teaching grammar due to its unnecessity and danger to the students’ learning (Mercer Swann 222). The common misconception would refer to genre and text type to merely be the same aspect of a text but in reality they actually differ in terms of texts with particular genres having different linguistic characteristics and other literary features (Johns 73). However, different genres can be similar linguistically. Genre can be described as text characterized by external criteria, for instance written or spoken text, different audience, different context or purpose (Johns 73-74). On the other hand, text types can be represented by rhetorical modes such as â€Å"exposition† or â€Å"argument† as different text types (Johns 74). They are seen to be similar in terms of internal discourse patterns despite having different genres (Johns 74). The two concepts then refer to complementary perspectives on texts however they still remain different (Johns 74). Teaching and Writing Genres In a classroom environment, text types that are written and spoken are related to the different demands by which the school requires and depending upon the subject areas of focus. There are different writing tasks that involve genres that go way beyond the literary realm (Schleppegrell 77). Factual and analytical genres exist under the evolution of the academic English language. The usual technique would be for students to read massive amount of authentic texts to give awareness to the difference of the ranges of genres and determine the registers they encounter for their own chose subject matters (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 303). Students are then made of aware of the differences between academic and non-academic genres. Through the process of being exposed to the different genres, the students are familiarized with the different lexical, grammatical and organizational features of the texts that exist that train them along the way (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 303). Genre Knowledge The academic discourse on genre gives two perspectives in terms of structurational and sociocognitive that deals with the activity language undergoes from diverse fields like â€Å"sociolinguistics, cognitive psychology, educational anthropology and conversation analysis (Berkenkotter Huckin 24).†Ã‚   This is the new concept that is emerging on top of the rich body of research regarding the genre’s structure from the structurational theory (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). There is the constant need for the academe to monitor and recognize the changing pattern that language undergoes and thus the changes in the genres as well (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). Full participation any general disciplinary and professional culture requires knowledge of the written genre and they are referred to as the â€Å"intellectual scaffolds on which community-based knowledge is constructed† thus placing a priority to monitor the pattern changes (Berkenkotter Huckin 24). At the same time, they are worth examining because the genre of academic discourse also produce criteria like a â€Å"community’s norm, epistemology, ideology, and social ontology (Berkenkotter Huckin 25)† Linguistic Features of Academic Discourse According to Martlew and Sorsby (1995) â€Å"Written language like spoken language achieves communicative ad conceptual goals by using a complex system of arbitrary symbols and conventional rules†¦ In literate societies, a developed writing system is pervasive in children’s environment and it is likely that each individual child constructs, or re-invents, their own approach to writing from whatever salient experience the environment offers which they can utilize at different levels of development (Mercer Swann 287).† There are certain linguistic expectations from students who enter into an academic arena and such a language practice can be reflected in most social groups more than others (Schleppegrell 43). Some students can encounter difficulty because of a lack of familiarity to such linguistic standard as there are differences between the registers in an academic scenario and that of an informal interaction (Schleppegrell 43). You read "Nature function of Academic English" in category "Essay examples" Despite the fact that the classrooms can provide for an avenue for the students to develop such a standard and be trained by spoken and written language activities, the teachers need to remember how the forms of language can take its place in the academic context (Schleppegrell 44). For example, academic texts are by nature â€Å"informationally dense and authoritatively presented (Schleppegrell 44).† In order to get the extract the position and information from certain texts, the teachers and students must be able to unpack the meaning and recognize the position and ideologies of the text (Schleppegrell 44). Linguistic choices and the awareness of it enable a wider participation in the contexts of learning (Schleppegrell 44).   Having a clear perspective of the grammatical features that are seen as tools in deciphering school texts then provides as the foundation for a more efficient research of language development in terms of functionality as well as learning new registers (Schleppegrell 44-45). Most research focus on grammatical and lexical features of the student’s language production that produces a language analysis from a systematic functional linguistics (Schleppegrell 45). Deviating from a structural approach to grammar, a functional approach do not just focus on their syntactic category (nouns, verbs, adjectives) or their elements in the sentence (subject, predicate), it focus on identifying the revealing the context of schooling in the language that are used in the text, focusing on the register as the so-called â€Å"manifestation of context (Schleppegrell 45). Studies show how different features are values when comparing writing in writing classes and writing in other academic courses (Hinkel 5). The important consideration if providing the students with linguistic and writing skills that would equip them to handle new information and expand their knowledge (Hinkel 5). Some practitioners say that exposure to a variety of reading and experience with writing does not constitute to having a heightened awareness in discourse, vocabulary, grammar and linguistic features of academic writing or having better writing skills (Hinkel 5). They defended explicit instruction in advanced academic writing and text is what can provide the utmost equipment (Hinkel 5). General Nature and Functions of Academic English Furthermore, Martlew and Sorsby (1995) said, â€Å"Writing however is a visible language, graphic symbolic system whose roots we suggest lie in pictographic representation before links are established with spoken language. In this respect, development reflects evolution in that all writing systems which represent sounds of language evolved from pictorial representations rather than from spoken language.† Academic English offers such changing concepts (Hyland 2). The one who coined the definition for English used in academic purposes was Tim Johns (Hyland 2). It was during this time that English became an economic imperative and it has been the leading language for disseminating academic knowledge (Hyland 2). Each discourse community has developed its own mode of discourse. This constitutes to the growth of Academic English. By nature it would expand and evolve to fit and address the different fields of study in need to communicate, basically that points to every discipline (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer). New objects, processes, relationships and others need new terms to be added in the lexicon. There is a need to reinterpret words that already exists to become other words that are defined by their specific fields, like a set is different in conversational English and Mathematical English (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 285). New words are also created as part of an existing word stock, like clockwise or feedback (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 285). There is also a need to borrow from another language. A term called â€Å"calquing† mean having to create new words to imitate a word that already exists from another language like omnipotens mean almighty in Latin (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 286). There is also a need to invent totally new words like the time when the word â€Å"gas† was created to be party of the field of chemistry (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 286). There is also creating â€Å"locutions† or sense of phrases and compound words as well as non-native word stocks (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 286). The nature of English is known to be shaped by certain social and cultural functions under the language of academic communities of discourse (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 290-291). The researchers suggest for having more than one valid and culturally based ideology regarding Academic English for it to be open to other cultures and factors (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 291). Conclusion Due to culture, styles of writing differ but this does not make one inferior over the other (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 290). Further research about Academic English should have a greater level of sensitivity for other cultures or for cultural diversity (Hoadley-Maidment Mercer 290).   It is also necessary to have a proper balance between over-prespecification of the curriculum and planning and the right amount in terms of explicit teaching of genre and other features according the students’ knowledge, abilities and background (Wiley Hartung- Cole 205). The academe must not loose sight of social-cultural context of the relevance of Academic English in exchange for a more uniform approach or for the search for a common standard for academic discourse (Wiley Hartung- Cole 205). Works Cited Clark, Irene, et al. Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. Berkenkotter, Carol, and Thomas N. Huckin. Genre Knowledge in Disciplinary Communication: Cognition, Culture, Power. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995. Hinkel, Eli. Second Language Writers’ Text: Linguistic and Rhetorical Features. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Hoadley-Maidment, E. and Mercer, N. English in the Academic World. Open University course U210 The English Language: Past, Present and Future, 1996. Hyland, Ken. English for Academic Purposes: An Advanced Resource Book. New York: Routledge. Johns, Ann M., ed. Genre in the Classroom: Multiple Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Freedman, Aviva, and Peter Medway, eds. Genre and the New Rhetoric. London: Taylor Francis, 1994. Mercer, N. and Swann, J. Learning English: Development and Diversity. Open University course U210 The English Language: Past, Present and Future, 1996. Schleppegrell, Mary J. The Language of Schooling: A Functional Linguistics Perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Wiley, Terrence Hartung- Cole, Elizabeth. â€Å"Model Standards for English Language Development: National Trends and a Local Response.† Education. 119. 2. (1998): Page Number: 205. How to cite Nature function of Academic English, Essay examples

Classical vs. Pop Music Essay Example For Students

Classical vs. Pop Music Essay There are a lot of differences between the two most popular styles of music. These musical styles have different history, used instruments, size of audience and height of popularity. Classical music and popular music are both part of the culture of most Americans and Europeans. They share some aspects of musical language, but there are some prominent differences. (devastatingly. Com #1) As long as conditions permitted people of all tastes found something they enjoyed at any public performance of music. In the past, no one thought in terms of popular or classical music. After all, the symphonies of greatest composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Bach and others were entertaining enough for the people who wanted to comprehend music at first hearing and satisfy people who wanted to discover something new with repeated hearings. (leapfrogged. Hubcaps. Com #1) Operas, ballets, recitals, concerts were open to anyone who could afford the price of a ticket. We can see differences in the used instruments and length of a song also. The most common lassie music instruments are piano, organ, strings, woodwinds, percussion or brass and songs are at least 30 minutes long. The most widely used instruments in pop music are electric piano, drums, and guitar, but also organ. Pop song uses to be short. In average it lasts 3-5 minutes. The both genres are very popular, have a big audience and a lot of fans. Classical music is everywhere around us. We can see it in the movies, television commercials, and listen in the radios. It is very popular between people which study for their exams and also good for relax. Nowadays, its popular to let little babies listen to classical music. It can make them to be calm and satisfied. Pop music has a mass audience appeal. The songs are often played in the radios, and seen in the pop charts. Also much pop music encourages dancing. Music is a form of art, which can transfer the emotions and sentiment. Every style of music has something special to listen to and is more popular at different times. Classical music used to break records. It was selling out the concert halls and fascinating people. It was simply popular music at that time.

Beer in US

Introduction The following essay analyses the beer industry in the United States. It looks into the beer industry and developing growth mechanisms in the light of globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The analysis examines the political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Beer in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political/legal factors Even after beer manufacturing was made legal by the federal government, the state government perpetuates prohibition by limiting the drinking hours and distribution systems of beers to make the Americans accept beer as good drink. The political environment includes taxation procedures that are in the country. Currently, the tax is 40% of the retail prices, which is a higher rate of taxation as compared with taxation in other count ries, such as Germany (Lundstrà ¶m 2005). The imported beer sales volume is a part of the locally produced beer in the United States (Appendix 1). Regulation of the beer industry has also affected its profit margins due to regulation on advertising, as it is perceived to be deceptive to public on the advantages of drinking beer (Strokes 2010). The economic factors The United States of America is the world’s largest economy. It boasts of having the world highest gross domestic product as well as the highest per capita income of $48,000. The country has a population of approximately 300,000 million people. It is the largest exporter of electronics and technological goods, such as computers as well as organic waste (The World Bank 2010). The first economic aspect that has affected the beer industry is the global recession, which has reduced the volume of beer consumption in the country. The other economic factor relates to the increased competition across the globe due to the m erger and acquisition of the beer companies resulting in concentration of beer industries (Appendix 3). For instance, one of the major manufacturers of beer, Anheuser-Busch InBev, has acquired more than forty establishments of beer distribution in the United States (Espey 1989).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social cultural factors Americans have a high sense of style and self-importance and everything that helps them perpetuate this image has a wide acceptance (Strokes 2010). This explains how Heinemann has succeeded to sell its classic drinks in the United States. In a survey conducted by the institute of beer manufacturers, it is showed that sixty percent of those who drink beer are between eighteen and forty five years of age (Appendix 4). It also indicates that beer drinking exists in all social economic classes although it is low among people with $50,000 per capital income (Espey 1989). To understand the culture better, the existing literature, especially fictional works, indicate instances where the characters are in a binge and the types of beer that they drink (Swedberg 2009). The social cultural environment in the United States of America shows prevalence of drinking beer in the country. It also provides information on how beer marketers can capitalise on this market (Andriani et al. 2004). Technological factors Technology has affected the beer industry in the United States in a number of ways. The first way involves the methods of beer production. With increased technology, especially, with the development of enterprise resources planning systems, beer industries have increased (Appendix 9). The companies have reduced their costs of operations and managed to reduce the selling price. The use of Enterprise Resource Planning has enabled the companies to reduce administrative costs, such as payroll processing to pay the workers, supplier and inventory management (Schultz 2000). Technology is also useful in fermenting, processing and eventual production of beer, and this has significantly reduced costs of production. Technology has also been useful in marketing the beer products all over the globe through the traditional media, such as television as well as social networks. The ability to integrate technology in marketing and production activities gives the companies advantage over their competitors (Pratesi 1994). The environmental and ecological factors Beer is made from fermented food materials such as rice, corn and barley. With the increased global climatic changes, the demand for food has increased and led to growth in the prices of these commodities. This has made the production costs of beer to be high (Appendix 5).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Beer in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environment advocacy groups advocate for compan ies to be energy and environment conscious. Most of the companies have also engaged or used their resources in environment conservation efforts (Beverage World 2000). Another environmental factor relates to the increase in lifestyle related diseases in the United States of America where many people suffer from obesity, diabetes, blood pressure and kidney ailments. These have made people more conscious and reserved from enjoying alcoholic beverages due to their contribution to these diseases. This has affected the companies negatively as it has reduced the overall number of beer consumers in the country (Lundstrà ¶m 2005). The buyer power The buyer power of the beer consumers in the United States of America is moderate. This is because, on the one hand, the major beer buyers are hypermarkets and supermarket retailers. This buyer negotiates the beer prices with the manufacturer. The transfer costs of this buyer are not very high, which gives them undue advantage (Schultz, 2000). Howe ver, the beer manufacturers have differentiated their products in terms of the ingredients of the beer products that offer the buyer many options of beer brands. This minimizes the buyer power, as the buyers who are supermarkets have to stock different brands of beer for their consumers. The other factor of buyer power is that of an expected market decline which has ensured a reduction in the number of consumers as shown in Appendix 14. Supplier power The suppliers play a significant role in the beer industry, and their influence cannot be underscored. The major suppliers who wield power in the beer industry are those who supply the beer inputs such as barley, rice and corn. The beer industry moderates this power by butting the beer supplies rather from independent farmers than from cooperatives. This makes it easier for them to dictate the quality and price of the product.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To reduce the power of suppliers, some of the beer companies decided to have their own ad hoc farms, which supply their own inputs (Appendix 13). This weakens the suppliers. However, the suppliers do have an added advantage in that they can choose not to sell their supplies to the beer manufacturer and instead use the barley, corn for animal supplies. This utility advantage gives the supplier a moderate influence on the beer industry where the farmers can improve their process of production if needed. The suppliers can also sell their supplies to the wines and spirit manufacturers (Appendix 10) New entrants Other than the government stringent regulations on new entrants in the beer industry, the capital required to enter into the beer market poses a major challenge to the new entrants. However, new entrants in the beer industry come in as microbreweries where they fill a certain niche in the market. The main beer manufacturers focus on the major brands where they focus on major bran ds which have higher prices (Appendix, 13). The new entrants can concentrate on providing low processes beers. The new entrants are, however, at a disadvantage as many of the beer manufacturers focus on the economies of scale that produce large volumes of beer at lower costs, which has increased their profit margins (Appendix 11). The new entrants in the beer market will also have to face the competition in the production of the beer, as they have to take more time before they establish a good network with independent suppliers, and retailers in the market. The new entrants’ influence on beer market in the United States of America is minimal and has little effect on the major players in the industry (Beverage World 2000). Threat of substitutes The substitutes in the beer market play also a significant role as one of Porter’s market forces. The substitutes that pose threat to beer are mainly spirits and wines and non-alcoholic or low alcoholic drinks. With concerns on t he impact of alcohol on consumer’s health, a percentage of consumers now prefer non-alcoholic drinks. The retailers have also noticed this trend and stock non-alcoholic or low alcoholic beverages together with the beer (Beverage World 2000). However, the beer manufacturers retain some advantages in that most of the substitute products are new entrants that cannot match the capital intensity of the beer industry. Some of the non alcoholic products take longer shelf space and time, which makes beer a preferred product to stock by the sellers in comparison with other beverages. For instance, it is expensive to stock beer products as compared to wines and spirits (Appendix 12). Degree of rivalry The rivalry in the beer industry in the United States is relatively higher as compared to other market forces. The beer industry in the United States has high concentration although three major industry players, namely, the Anheuser-Busch inBev, SAB Miller and Molson Coors, occupy a large market signet. The extent of this rivalry is seen through the number of beer brands that each manufacturer has in the market, which gives the consumers a wide variety of beer brands to choose. Rivalry is also evident through the advertising that each company spends to promote its brands, with each of the there major players spending over $1 billion in advertising annually (Appendix 15). Conclusion In the next five years, the beer industry is expected to be in a boom mainly due to the expected economic recovery, which will increase consumers’ expenditure. The sales volume is expected to soar by over ten percent by the year 2017. The concentration of the beer brands in the industry will continue to exist in five years, and no major new entrant is expected. The other notable phenomenon is that the taxation for beer products is expected to remain high in the forthcoming years. The prices will also increase due to the increase of supplier power and industry rivalry. The overall s ales volume of beer in the country grew by 4% in the year 2012 (Appendix 7). Similar growth is expected in the year 2013, and even more increase is expected in future (Barnes Reports 2012). References Andriani, L, Gold, F, Rotella, M, Scharf, M. 2004, ‘Travels with barley: a journey through beer culture in America’, Emily Publishers Weekly, vol. 8, pp.42. Barnes Reports 2012, U.S. Beer and ale wholesale industry. Web. Beverage World 2000, ‘Brew u? Labatt USA opens beer academy’, Beverage World News, 15 May, pp.16. Espey, J 1989, ‘The big four: an examination of the international drinks industry’, International Journal of Wine Marketing, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.47-64. Lundstrà ¶m, A 2005, Beer production policy: theory and practice, Springer, New York. Pratesi, C 1994, ’Miller beer,’ Management Decision, vol. 32, pp.25-28. Schultz, M 2000, The expressive organisation: linking identity, reputation and the corporate brand, Oxford Univers ity Press, New York. Strokes, R 2010, E-marketing: the essential guide to online marketing, McGraw Hill, New York. Swedberg R 2009, Beer: the social science view, Oxford University Press, Oxford. The World Bank 2010, Doing business 2011: making a difference in beer industry, International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C. Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Four major beer companies in the globe and their market share Appendix 3 Import versus domestic consumption Appendix 3 Changes in the beer industry.  Employment 2009 2010 2012 2013 Establishments 2, 175 2, 187 2, 099 1, 933 Sales 40, 393 44, 164 45, 486 49,877 Employment 111,627 107,104 104,786 101,772 Percentage Change Year to Year 09 – 10 10 – 11 11 – 12 12 – 13 Establishments 0.5% -4.0% -2.2% -2.9% Sales 9.3% 3.0% 5.5% 4.0% Employment 0.6% -4.1% -2.2% -2.9% Appendix 4 Estimated number of beer establishments Establishments beer 480 Beer and ale 80 Beer and o ther fermented 975 Porter 564 Appendix 5 Estimated number of employees Establishments Employees Beer 23, 947 Beer and ale 13, 335 Beer and other fermented 81, 205 Porter 4, 167 Appendix 6 Estimated number of industry sales Establishments Total sales $ (million) beer 5, 940 Beer and ale 473.20 Beer and other fermented 38,986.4 Porter 86. 7 Appendix 7 Five-year trend of sales Year    Employee size of establishment Total sales $ millions    1 – 4 5 – 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 2009   Ã‚  Ã‚   546 249 992 4,960 7,590 16,920 7,020 720 500 897 40,393    2010 597 272 1,084 5,422 8,297 18,497 7,674 787 547 987 44,164    2011 615 280 1,117 5,585 8,546 19,051 7,904 811 563 1,014 45,486 2012 648 296 1,178 1,178 5,890 9,014 20,093 8,337 855,594 1,073 47,977    2013 674 307 1,224 6,123 9,370 20,887 8,666 9, 017 889 617 1,119 49,877 Appendix 8 Establishments using electronic resource planning sof tware Appendix 9 Contribution to the economy in comparison with other industries in USA Appendix 10 Rise in prices of raw materials Appendix 11 Year Millionlitres Percentage growth 2010 24,685.7 (1.1%) 2011 24,459.1 (0.9%) 2012 24,301.8 (0.6%) 2013 24,198.2 (0.4%) 2014 24,122.7 (0.3%) 2015 23,981.8 (0.6%) Appendix 12 United States beer market category segmentation: % share, by value, 2006–2010 Category   2006    2008   2009   2010   2006-10 CAGR(%)   Standard lager   36.2%   35.9%   35.7%   35.6%   35.5%   (0.1%)   Premium lager   34.9%   34.6%   34.2%   34.1%   34.2%   (0.   Specialty beer   25.4%   26.0%   26.5%   26.6%   26.6%   1.0%   Ales, stouts bitters   2.8%   2.8%   2.8%   2.9%   2.9%   0.9%   Low/no alcohol   0.7%   0.7%   0.7%   0.7%   0.8%   0.6%   Total   100%   100%   100%   100%   100%   2% Appendix 13 Market share of the t hree major companies Appendix 14 Beer products distribution channels in percentage Appendix 15 Appendix 16 The United States beer market segmentation This essay on Beer in US was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. 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Scottish essays

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The Different Smart Home Technologies

The Different Smart Home Technologies In this report I am going to explain the different smart home technologies EIB also known as KNX and CBUS. I will be giving a full explanation about what each system is capable of and a little about their company background. I will also be comparing both system with the advantages and disadvantages for each system. (Add more) EIB (KNX) System EIB (KNX) is the only worldwide bus system which offers a complete range of transmission media for building control systems, including Twisted Pair, Power line, Radio Frequency (RF), infrared (IR), Coaxial cable and Ethernet IP. This smart home network is designed to work independently on any particular hardware platform. It can be controlled through a network of 8 bit micro controller to a PC. EIB (European Installation Bus) uses the twisted pair functioning which uses a cable with two pairs, using only one pair from the twisted cable for communication. The line voltage for these cables is 36v DC. Each device has a bus coupling unit which is used to connect sensors and actuators to the bus for example a NIC card on a PC. EIB is a field bus technology which is maintained by the Konnex Association. Its topology is the same as the CBUS system. EIB (KNX) has over 176 members and manufacturers in 29 different countries some of which include Ardan smart home, ABB, Armour Home Electronics Ltd, Bosch, Basalte BVBA, CIAT, and many other companies based around the world. You can find the full list of members and manufacturers at: http://www.knx.org/ A field bus is a special form of Local Area Network that implements, not computers but sensors and actuators at its nodes and is optimised for short point to point communication of status and command messages (M C-Wonders). The field bus system is built up in 7 OSI layers (as shown below) which is also known as the protocol stack. However the EIB system does not use all 7 layers it only uses 5 layers (See diagram below) this shows the difference between an OSI Model and the EIB Model. OSI Protocol Stack EIB Protocol Stack Layer 1 The physical layer in the EIB protocol stack defines both the bit by bit transmission of data and the physical media type (how the bits are transmitted depends on the media type) Here is a specification of the twisted pair which is used in the EIB system: RS485 bit communications Twisted pair cable 9.6 kbps 1000m range 64 end devices per line Layer 2 The data link layer defines the device addressing mechanism, making sure each device has its own unique address. It also defines the method of access to the bus arbitration as there must be a control mechanism which has to stop devices from communicating on the bus at the same time. The device address is as follows: Device number: 0 63 Line number: 0 11 Zone number: 0 14 An EIB twisted pair system can only have 15 zones, 12 lines per zone and 64 devices per line. Layer 3 On the Network layer there can only be device to device communications as this allows data packet transmission between devices and connectionless communications. This layer also uses Unicast and Group addressing. Unicast addressing is only used during device installation (system access mode) also using the physical device address. Group address is equivalent of multicast and broadcast addressing as it has normal bus operation mode and allows an input device to control many other grouped output devices. The group address consists of a main group, middle group and a sub group e.g. 2.4.2 Layer 4 The transport layer is responsible for reliable communications as it creates a connection between both the sender and the receiver using positive acknowledgment with retransmission (PAR). The PAR sequence is as follows: A connection between sender and receiver is set up Sender sends data with sequence number Sender waits a set period of time for an Acknowledgment from receiver. If none data is sent again. After 3 attempts to send the data have failed the operation will terminate its connection If the receiver suspects an error at any point it will send and (Nack), which terminates the connection. 2. When all telegrams have been transmitted the connection is terminated. Layer 7 This is the application layer in the EIB protocol. This layer is based around the concept of communication objects. Each device on the networks paired with a software application which has the relevant functions it needs. The application associates objects to particular devices as these objects are the communication methods for EIB which use the group address within the device. Each application on each device stores an association table, this association table links to the group address table and a communication object table for example: Sensor device 1.1.1 sends 1/1/1 to actuators 1.1.2 and 1.1.3 to turn on the actuators (1.1.2 and 1.1.3) Sensor device 1.1.1 sends 1/1/2 to actuators to turn them off Here are some of the advantages of the EIB system with some explanation: It has international standard making it future proof ISO/IEC CENELEC CEN SAC AN SI/A SHRAE With product certification, KNX guarantees interoperability and interworking of products EIB makes sure that each different manufacturer, product and application communicates with each other. Ensuring a high quality of flexibility. High product quality EIB makes sure each manufacturer follows the correct compliances in order gain a KNX Certification. Unique Manufacturer independent Engineering Tool Software (ETS) ETS allows planning, engineering and configuration for all certified products. It is manufacturer independent allowing the system to combine different manufacturers to one installation Can be used with all applications in home and building control EIB can be used for all functions and applications in a home or building control varying from lighting and shutter control to security, ventilation control. Fit for use in different buildings EIB can be easily installed into new or even existing buildings, making it easily extendable making sure it adapts to new needs. Supports different configuration modes E-Mode Easy installation mode S-Mode System installation mode Supports several communication media Twisted pair Power line Radio frequency Ethernet IP Can be coupled to other systems The EIB system can be mapped to BACnet objects or offers a possibility to interface within the DALI technology. Independent form any hard- software technology EIB can be understood on any microprocessor platform and can be implemented from start but only for easy market entrance. It cal also take recourses to providers of the systems components. An EIB system is able to do many things at the touch of one button some examples are shown below: Lighting EIB can store and recall different light moods and scenes by pressing the switch/dim button which controls lights on a central level. Being able to adjust internal lighting according to external brightness levels allows substantial energy savings. Shutters and blinds With automated sun protection, weather protection and time controlled shutters/blinds at the press of a button these can be opened or closed. Weather station This protects the blinds and shutters from destruction by wind, rain or frost, giving automated roof windows closing when raining. It also display wind speed, rain and also temperature and brightness levels. An EIB system can do many things at the touch of a button including heating, ventilation/ climate control, security, overriding functions, communications, and incorporation of audio-visual equipment and also helps in customer service. The twisted pair on the EIB, its bit level collision detection with overriding logical 0 which ensures that in case of a collision, the transmission always succeeds for the communication partners. Some of the disadvantages of the EIB (KNX) system are: can only be controlled through an 8 bit micro controller to a PC only allows up to 64 devices per line can only be device to device communication does not allow loop topologies CBUS System Clipsal BUS (CBUS) is a microprocessor control and management system for homes and buildings. This system is used to control electrical services such as lighting, audio visual devices, motors, etc. Either a simple on/off control for lighting or variable (analogue) type control for example dimmers. CBUS is easily controlled through virtually any type of electrical load. CBUS certifies each of its products has its own built-in microprocessor for reliability and fast operation allowing each unit to be programmed individually. CBUS uses a unique method of updating each unit which involves a method which can not involve a central computer or controller. Each unit device is assigned a specific time frame in which it broadcasts its status which is then synchronised by a self generated system clock pulse. This allows great quantities of data to be passed on in small time frames in low overheads and bandwidth requirements. CBUS is an interconnected system of inputs (sensors) and outputs (controllers) used to allow automatic operation and control of machinery or processes such as environments that can make and execute decisions with or without human interface (MC-Wonders). CBUS uses a UTP cat 5 cable which allows each of its devices to interconnect within the system. The maximum total cable length per network cannot exceed more than 1000 meters with a system voltage of 15v D.C 36v D.C (across any node in a network). Its data rate is 3500 bits/second with 64 byte frames. Its bus contention method uses CSMA/CD with CA. CBUS transmit units and dimmers units connect to the main power supply and other switches/sensors which are used to control a buildings electrical service. The network is electrically isolated from the mains supply operating at a safe extra low voltage level of 36v DC. The CBUS system is develops continuously therefore making it practically unlimited. Networks of 100 units are larger installations which have been divided allowing the system to be managed in sections, up to 1000 meters of cables may be in installed in each network. The CBUS system can be as large or as small as a user prefers it to be and it does not only simplify the design of automations needed but limits potential faults which makes trouble shooting easier. CBUS responds too many of the following devices: Home entertainment audio visual, lighting control Security integrated security, lighting Comfort scene setting, dimming Convenience central point control from touch screens, automated time based control, multiple point control, automated messages CBUS is suitable for many different applications for example: Residential Automation Home entertainment audio visual, lighting control Security integrated security, lighting Comfort scene setting, dimming Convenience central point control from touch screens, automated time based control, multiple point control, automated messages Standalone room lighting control Via a touch screen user interface becomes automated for conference rooms and home theatres Many different scene and mood setting are available Commercial light control In a warehouse high bay control is used for energy saving costs Energy saving costs in high rise buildings is brought to minimum by using fluorescent lighting. For retails and restraints mood lighting is used to set a scene Flexible control of lighting and audio visual used in boardrooms For hotel foyers, ballrooms, etc architectural lighting control is used CBUS supports all multi room audio visuals with a full range of amplifiers and ceiling speakers which are all controlled by switches and touch screens. As all electrics have to return to one central panel it is very expensive to convert existing houses to use CBUS unless renovations are being made allowing reconfiguration. A switch which is placed in the boardroom is programmed with the CBUS group address. When the light switch is pressed an on command is sent to the group address of the CBUS. The command which was sent to the group address from the input switch is then sent on to the CBUS network or all units throughout the network. Only the programmed units respond to the command form the group address. Other units which have not been programmed to respond the message will ignore the command as it was not intended for them. This is only an overview of the flexibility and power of the CBUS system. When using a CBUS system each device has to have a CBUS connection including devices such as the mains power will obviously need connection to the mains. Wiring for the mains and CBUS do not need to be adjoining as the mains can be connected to a different phase or completely different system. Field bus system The advantages of a system include: Less complex installation: this means less hassle with wiring as it can be done through a bus that carries the messages Total ownership cost becomes less: reduced cabling and installation time, easy modification and upgrade and easy to fault find means reduced costs. Offers more flexibility: Each node is a micro controller which is programmable. Each node has its own intelligence making no 1 point of failure. CBUS can have a maximum of 255 sub networks, within each sub network there is a combination of input and output units a sub network allows a maximum of 100 units which can connect to a single sub network. When sub networks contain units it is essential to be able to give each unit a address, there are 4 main levels of addressing which are available for these units these are: 1. Network address This is assigned to each sub network with a 2 digit HEX value 2. Unit address This unit address identifies the individual unit for example light switch 3. Area address Allows division of a sub network, it also enable messages to be sent to areas by the units 4. Group address Really a less specific area addressing scheme, only allows maximum of 255 groups on a sub network. There are two main devices which are needed in order to set up a CBUS system. These are a power supply and a PC interface which is used for programming the units. Some of the advantages of CBUS system are: CBUS can forcefully and reliably control all the different systems with low costs per node. There are many different tools which are used to allow 3rd party companies to interface with both PC and embedded systems. One CBUS connection controls a unlimited number of devices CBUS is very flexible for switching and controlling, for example functions may be removed, changed, added or reprogrammed at any time without bulky hard-wiring through the network itself. Simple installation process CBUS is able to control all different types of load including load, digital and analogue. Some of the disadvantages of the CBUS system are: it can have only one distribution panel does not allow loop topologies each device has to return to one central panel each device has to have a CBUS connection CBUS and EIB Compared CBUS and EIB systems are used to control electrical devices in home and building environments for example both home systems can control lighting, dimmers, audio visuals and many other electrics. They also have the same topologies available which includes the bus topology, star topology and the hybrid topology. Neither of these systems can form loop topologies as this does not allow the system to have a valid distribution panel. The EIB system can only uses device to device communications as this allows data packet transmission between devices making connectionless communication whereas the CBUS system uses a network connection which is set up on each node through each sub network mask. This also means that the CBUS system can have as many devices linked to one distribution panel making it an unlimited as an EIB system can only have up to 64 devices on each line within each zone available. Each CBUS product has its own built-in microprocessor which allows each unit to be programmed individually. As each unit device is assigned a specific time frame great quantities of data can be passed in small frames. In an EIB system there can only be device to device communication as this allows data packet transmission between devices and connectionless communications, within the transport layer is creates a connection between both sender and receiver. Both EIB and CBUS systems have a maximum cable length per network which cannot exceed more than 1000 meters with system voltage of 15v DC 36v DC. CBUS has a maximum of 255 sub networks within which there is a combination of input and output units. Within sub network a maximum of 100 units can be connected to a single network. In an EIB system the twisted pair system can only have 15 zones within those zones there can only be a maximum of 12 lines. There can only be a maximum of 64 devices per line on a zone meaning there is limited space on the system. A typical scene situation: There are two lighting strips within an office. Lighting strip 1 is located by the window, lighting strip 2 by the wall. These lights can be switched on and off manually. If there is sufficient ambient light, the lighting strips are switched off and are locked (i.e., they cannot be switched back on again) automatic switching on again when darkness falls is not required but is manually possible. Before the start of a working day a timer automatically switches lighting strip 2 on to guarantee sufficient light level. This is the layout of the office with strip lights and touch switches and actuators A solution to this problem would be to get bus devices including 1 touch sensor to fold, 1 bus coupling module which will have a brightness sensor and timer (1 channel) which is din rail mounted, 1 controller again it should be din rail mounted, 1switchin actuator 2 fold and a din rail mounted devices installed in the distribution panel When an outside has sufficient light, the brightness sensor will automatically switch off lighting and lock it. In order for this operation to succeed the brightness sensor telegram (address 1/0/3) is AND (gate) linked with the touch sensor telegram (address 1/0/1). The output of the AND gate sends a message (address 1/0/6) to the switching actuator (1.1.4) which will switch lighting strip 1. To avoid the brightness automatically switching the light back on when it is darker the result of the linking (1/0/6), this is why when the sensor is switched off both inputs in the AND gate are set to 0. These are the parameter blocks which are used in the programming of the system: PRICE COMPARISON

Education Philosophy Statement :: Teaching Education Essays

Education Philosophy Statement As a sophomore, I was required to compile a genre of educational philosophies and create my own philosophy in the process. Today, as a senior I am required to â€Å"revise† that statement into one that is sophisticated and intelligent based on new information that I have received in the last two years. One instructor said to me, â€Å"Your view on educational elements may have changed,† and another said, â€Å"Randy, your philosophy on the way you view yourself as a teacher and the view of your classroom may have evolved into a more manageable, realistic perspective,† and they were both right. In the first draft of my philosophy, it states that I see myself as a teacher with an â€Å"eclectic† view on teaching children. Although I still believe in my â€Å"eclectic† ways because it gives the students and me a variety of ways to learn, it has â€Å"evolved† into a more specific, eclectic philosophy. For example, I stated that in my classroom the children would be involved with as much of the classroom decisions as possible. In contrast, I now believe that the instructor is the primary decision-maker allowing the students to give their input on certain situations and keeping their concerns in mind when making the final decision. Why do I feel that way now? I have observed two different schools and two different grade levels – an 8th grade classroom and a 12th grade classroom. What works in at one level does not work at the other, meaning, observing a teacher who incorporated the student government, so to speak, in her classr oom did not always succeed in getting anywhere in the end. I have learned that the students are not as diplomatic as I once believed, followed by the fact that the students do not always know what they want or what is the best for them as a class. While I am on the subject of observing classrooms, another area of my philosophy that I now view with a sophisticated, intelligent insight is extra-curricular activities.

Life Transitions Counseling Essay

A detailed and very interesting research about the problems of classifying, analyzing and coping with life transitions in our life, was written by Lawrence Brammer, Ph.D., who is Professor Emeritus of Counselor Education at the University of Washington in Seattle. This work was published by the Educational Resource Information Center.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his research L. Brammer introduces the concept of life transitions and presents the most common types of such transitions. After that he addresses to three theoretical models of life transitions, which are supported by tips on counseling them. And in the end of the article the author presents some attitudes and skills necessary for successful coping with changes and life transitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author defines transition as a sudden and fundamental life change, which brings certain disconnection with the past. He classifies the transitions as positive and negative (painful and tragic) in respect to human reaction, as voluntary and involuntary by human factor of the cause, and as on-time and off-time transitions by expectations. Also, he defines developmental, social and political changes among the transitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to this research, there are three ways of human perception of life transitions. These approaches are based on the developments of other specialists in this field. The first approach was suggested by Bridges (1980), who offered using metaphors from classic literature when describing life transitions.   Counseling approach in such case can be focused on encouraging people to look for some meaningful metaphors when managing with their life transitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second concept is called Social Interaction Model, which was created by Schlossberg (1984). This specialist offers to consider social and personal characteristics of an individual when coping with life transitions, like age, maturity, sensibility to stresses, etc. According to this model, the counseling approach will concentrate on analyzing the impact of transition on the person and looking for the inner and outer resources, which would help the person to cope with the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The third model is called Predictable Overlapping Stages, which was created by the author himself, using the works of Kubler-Ross, Parkes and Hopson. This model presents the development of human perception of hard life transitions, like sudden death of a close person, etc. The author states that there are some stages, which any person experiences when coping with a hard life transition. Firstly, there are initial feelings of confusion, discomfort and shock, followed by the stages of denial and fantasy, then very long process of mood stabilization comes, which is accompanied with depressions, mood disorders, and then one or another level or recovery comes. Counseling in this case is also focused on determination, on which stage the person is now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the end of the research there are some concepts about coping attitude and skills, which are mostly based on the developments in psychological literature. The author states that coping with life transitions is self-initiated problem solving, which requires development of proper and satisfactory coping resource. Also, the author offers some directions, which can be effective for creating the concept of recovery when coping with life transitions. Those are: creating support networks, cognitive reframing, analyzing personal stress responses, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This research is very constructive and useful; it reveals some interesting theoretical information about view on life transitions and the ways of coping with them. The author suggests studying the problem more thoroughly, and in the conclusion he directs the readers into the most important field of studying life transitions: learning more about particular human personalities, about ourselves and our surrounding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maybe the only disadvantage of this research is the absence of more practical information on coping with life transitions. Other numerous researches introduce mental (acknowledging the problem, looking for some positive sides, fighting with anxiety and depressions, etc.) and physical (doing exercises, interacting with other people, paying attention on nutrition, etc) tips, which can be very helpful in our daily activity when managing with transitions. Besides, the majority of life transitions is connected with stresses, so coping with life transitions frequently becomes coping with stress. It is also important point, which had to receive more attention from the author of this research. But in any way, the work of Laurence Brammer is very useful, especially for students and specialists, who are interested in studying the perception of life transitions and stresses by human psychology. Bibliography:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brammer, L. M. (2001). Coping with Life Transitions. Educational Resourse Information Center. ERIC Digest. ED350527. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from .      

buy custom The Taconic Section essay

buy custom The Taconic Section essay Connecticut is the third smallest state of the United States and the south most of the New England states. It covers an area of 14359 square kilometers. It is gradually elevated from the sea level to a high point of 725 meters in the northwestern corner. It is divided into four climatic regions. The basis of this classification is the climatic conditions that prevail in the regions in terms of temperatures and precipitation among other factors. The regions include the coastal lowland region, the New England region and the Connecticut valley low land region (Farrell, 2006). The Taconic section is the region found in the western Conner of Connecticut. It is found between Housatonic River and the New York border and also extends to Massachusetts; the highest point in the region is mt. frissell. The region has very cool winters with January temperatures averaging to negative 5.8 degrees .the temperatures however rise during summer to an average of about 27 degrees. Precipitation is evenly distributed in the region throughout the year with most areas receiving a monthly average of 109.2 millimeters. However, the highest precipitation of about 116.8 millimeters is received in June while the lowest level of precipitation of about 68.6 millimeters is received in February. The high precipitation in experienced in summer is accompanied by thunderstorms as well. This is because the high temperatures heat air masses over the interior resulting in conventional rainfall. Another characteristic of climatic conditions of this region is snowfall in winter. The annual s nowfall averages 110 cm mostly in January and February. The coastal lowlands region is the region that covers the whole of New England coast. The coastal lowland forms a narrow strip of land running along the southern shore of Connecticut. It is lower than most of Connecticut and is characterized by low ridges and beaches and coastal habors. The climatic conditions of the region are composed of precipitation that averages between 1060-1140 millimeters with most of the precipitation occurring in summer. The region is also characterized with snowfall of up to 750 millimeters annually. The regions annual temperatures average at 50o F. The New England region is the western Connecticut region. Its composed of eastern and western New England uplands that consist of steep hills, ridges and rivers. Its attitude above sea level range between 1400 and 1000 feet. The western New England upland runs from northwest to southeast Connecticut. The eastern New England uplands on the other hand run from northwest to north east. The winter temperatures of the region are generally lower than those of summer. The January temperatures of the region average at 25oF while those of July average at 74oF.the average precipitation in the region is 40 inches per year with most of it being received during summer. The Connecticut valley lowland region is a narrow land area running from northern Massachusetts to southern Connecticut. The valley lowland is 20 miles wide. The region has fertile land for farming. The annual precipitation in the region range from 36- 55 inches per year with most of it being received in summer. Temperatures in the region range from 13 to 16 oC annually. However, the highest temperatures are experienced in summer (Brumbach, 1965). Causes of climatic variations in Connecticut: As seen, the different regions of Connecticut have different climatic conditions. The climatic conditions have also been changing over time. These climatic variations have been caused by a number of factors. The coastal location of Connecticut has moderating effects on the states temperatures. This is the main cause of climatic variations observed in vaarious regions of Connecticut. This is because of the three types of air currents that affect Connecticut. This include the cold dry air that comes from sub arctic North America, warm moist air that streams in from Mexican gulf and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and cool dump air that comes from the north Atlantic. Therefore, depending on where the region is situated in relation to the ocean, it will exhibit different climatic conditions. While summer temperatures are generally uniform across Connecticut, a great contrast in temperatures is observed in winter .the temperatures are highest in coastal lowlands while the lowest temperatures are observed in the western uplands. The variation in temperature affects the amount of rainfall received in a region and therefore the climate of the region. This is because the temperatures affect pr ecipitation and consequently the amount and the type of rainfall received in a particular region. Generally, the attitude of a region is responsible for variation of a regions temperature. The higher above sea level a place is, the cooler it becomes. This explains why the uplands have greater temperatures than the highlands (Mel, 2009). Human activities have also contributed to variations in climatic conditions within different regions of Connecticut. Various human activities have worked together to affect temperatures in different regions of Connecticut. Farming activities have greatly contributed to deforestation. The use of greenhouse technology has also contributed to variations in the climate in different regions of Connecticut. Massive industrialization on the other hand has contributed to releasing of gases harmful to the ozone layer. The extent of these activities in different regions contributes to global warming. Global warming has the effect of raising temperatures and thereby modifying the climatic pattern of a place. This is why extreme climatic conditions have been observed in the different regions Buy custom The Taconic Section essay

Private School Application Essay Tips

Private School Application Essay Tips Applying to private school means completing an application, a process with many components. There are short answer questions, forms to fill out, teacher recommendations to collect, standardized tests to take, interviews that need to be scheduled, and an application essay that needs to be written. The essay, for some applicants, can be one of the most stressful parts of the application process. These eight private school application essay tips just might help you produce the best essay youve ever written, which could increase your chances of getting accepted at your dream school.   1. Read the directions. This seems obvious, but hear me out. Reading the directions carefully can help ensure that you accomplish the task at hand. While most directions will be straightforward, you never know if the school is going to ask you to address specific questions on the given topic. Some schools also require that you write more than one essay, and if you just assume you get to pick from the three options when you were actually supposed to write three short essays, well  that is certainly a problem. Pay attention to word counts that might be given, too. 2. Be thoughtful in your writing sample. Leading off from that last sentence of bullet one, pay attention to the requested word count, you need to be thoughtful in how you approach the assignment. Word counts are there for a reason. One, to make sure that you give enough detail to actually say something meaningful. Dont cram in a bunch of unnecessary words just to make it longer.   Consider this essay prompt: Who is someone you admire and why?  If you simply say, I admire my mom because she is great, what does that tell your reader? Nothing useful! Sure, you answered the question, but what thought went into the response? A minimum word count is going to make you actually put some more effort into the details. Make sure that as you write to reach the word count that you arent just putting random words down that dont add to your essay. You need to actually put some effort into writing a good story - yes, youre telling a story in your essay. It should be interesting to read.   Also, remember that writing to a specific word count doesnt mean that you should just stop when you hit the required 250 words either. Few schools will penalize you for going over or under a word count slightly  but dont obliterate the word count. Schools provide these as guidelines to get you to put in some effort to your work, but also prevent you from going overboard. No admission officer wants to read your 30-page memoir as part of your application, no matter how interesting it may be; honestly, they dont have the time. But, they do want a brief story that helps them get to know you as an applicant.   3.   Write about something that matters to you. Most private schools give you an option of essay writing prompts. Dont choose the one that you think you should choose; instead, opt for the writing prompt that most interests you. If youre invested in the topic, passionate about it even, then that will show through in your writing sample. This is your chance to show who you are as a person, share a meaningful experience, memory, dream or hobby, which can set you apart from the other applicants, and thats important.   Admission committee members are going to read hundreds, if not thousands, of essays from prospective students. Put yourself in their shoes. Would you want to read the same type of essay over and over? Or would you hope to find an essay from a student thats a little different and tells a great story? The more interested you are in the topic, the more interesting your final product will be for the admission committee to read.    4. Write Well. This should be obvious, but it must be stated that this essay should be written well, using proper grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling. Know the difference between your and youre; its and its; and there, their, and theyre. Dont use slang, acronyms, or text-speak.   5. Write. Edit/Revise. Read it Out Loud. Repeat.   Dont settle on  the first words you put down on paper (or type on your screen). Read your admission essay carefully, review it, think about it.  Is it interesting? Does it flow well? Does it address the writing prompt and answer any questions that were asked? If you need to, make a checklist of things you need to accomplish with your essay and make sure when you review it that youre actually meeting each requirement. To ensure that your essay flows well, a great trick is to read it out loud, even to yourself. If you stumble while reading it out loud or struggle with what youre trying to get across, thats a sign that you need to revise. When you recite the essay, you should easily move from word to word, sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.   6. Get a Second Opinion. Ask a friend, parent or teacher to read your essay and give an opinion. Ask them if it reflects you as a person accurately and if you truly completed the requirements on your checklist. Did you address the writing prompt and answer any questions that were asked?   Also get a second opinion on the writing style and tone. Does it sound like you? The essay is your chance to showcase your own unique writing style, tone of voice, personality, and interests. If you write a stock essay that feels cookie cutter and overly formal in nature, the admission committee isnt going to get a clear idea of who you are as an applicant. Make sure the essay you write is genuine.   7. Make sure the work is truly yours.   Taking the lead from the last bullet, make sure your  essay is genuine. This is extremely important. Teachers, parents, admission consultants, secondary school counselors, and friends can all weigh in on it, but the writing needs to be 100% yours. Advice, editing, and proofreading are all fine, but if someone else is crafting your sentences and thoughts for you, youre misleading the admission committee. Believe it or not, if your application doesnt accurately reflect you as an individual, you can jeopardize your future at the school. If you apply using an essay you didnt write (and makes your writing skills look better than they actually are), the school will eventually find out. How? Because its school, and youre eventually going to have to write an essay for your classes. Your teachers will quickly assess your writing abilities and if they dont line up with what you presented in your application, there will be an issue. The private school youve been accepted to may even dismiss you as a student if youre deemed to be dishonest and not capable of managing the academic expectations.   Basically, applying under false pretenses and passing off someone elses work as yours is a major problem. Using someone elses writing  is not only  misleading but can also be considered plagiarism. Dont google sample admission essays  and copy what someone else has done. Schools take plagiarism seriously, and starting off your application like this  isnt going to help.   8. Proofread. Last but not least, proofread, proofread, proofread. Then have someone else proofread. The last thing you want to do is spend all this time and effort to create an awesome private school application essay and then discover that you misspelled a bunch of words or left out a word somewhere and ruin what could have been an awesome essay with some accidental mistakes. Dont just rely on spellcheck either. The computer recognizes both that and than as properly spelled words, but they certainly arent interchangeable.   Good luck!

Speaker presentation response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speaker presentation response paper - Essay Example For instance, Mark Zuckerberg, the person who founded Facebook claims to have been inspired by his desire to communicate with people. Although the Facebook idea began as a small idea, Zuckerberg has become a global icon by simply following his passion (Dolbeck 1-2). Passion plays an important role when determining one’s career and future business, as success can never be achieved without contentment with what one is doing. Conceivably one more insight in the presentation that attracts attention is the inability of most people to realize their full potential because of low self-esteem. Irrefutably, one has to discover their inner ability to perform in any sector before they can achieve real success. One would argue that given the fact that the speaker makes quite some sense in their presentation, a number of issues such as the of winning contracts and tenders arise as controversial thus requiring more consideration. Whereas the speaker has encouraged investors to be cautious of the business environment, it is undeniable that modern business environment has become increasingly challenging making it difficult to begin businesses. For instance, small and medium enterprises often had to contend with the fact that large and well established multinational corporations such as Wal-Mart offer stiff competition. Indeed, many small and start up businesses have either been swallowed or simply failed to take root if established within the vicinity of these multinational corporations. Usually, prospective businesspersons must put into consideration their ability to win and implement contracts successfully before they fully commit to such business practices. This is majorly because various business ventures have unique challenges that their owners must fully understand in order to succeed. Moreover, the capital input is another crucial aspect in financing of start-up businesses. This is particularly so because while some ventures require small amounts of finances to st art, others require enormous capital input that might drain an individual hoping to establish a start-up. Whereas the speaker seems optimistic on the possibilities of small businesses to grow and make appreciable profits, starting too small makes such endeavors take longer time than necessary. This seemingly discourages many small investors to stay in the start up businesses until the break-even point. The speaker has controversially argued in support of success without prior exposure to a particular venture. This has been significantly true for iconic businesses such as Microsoft, Facebook, and Coca-Cola among others. People who had no prior experience in the respective fields started such corporations. However, modern business environment arguably dictate the need to have prior experience. It does not come by surprise that many business people have been employed in other related businesses at least at some point in their lifetime. Having prior experience makes a business investmen t more of a â€Å"shoot on target† than a â€Å"shoot in the dark.† Although prior experience seems to guarantee success, it hinders creative thinking on the other hand (Psychogios and Saso 4-12). The speaker discusses the need to have an idea of the business environment when thinking of investments. Having been a victim of deep financial losses in one of my business ventures, I can identify with his claim. The speaker